Analysis Of Eric Foner, Olaudah Equiano In Voices Of Freedom

Eric Foner, Olaudah Equiano on Slavery (1789), In Voices of Freedom, Vol 1, Page 65. In this excerpt you are introduced to a young African boy, Olaudau Equiano, who begins to describe his everyday life before being captured. Olaudau, who is the youngest of six sons but not the youngest child, who in which is his sister. As a child, he was raised and trained in both agriculture and war, receiving a great deal of emblems in javelin throwing and shooting. However, at the age of eleven, Olaudau’s life changed forever. One day while the elders went to the fields, two men and a women invaded their camp and swiftly kidnapped Olaudau and his younger sister; thus beginning his life as a slave. â€Å"The first object which saluted my eyes when I†¦show more content†¦Wheatley wrote, â€Å"how well the cry for liberty, and the reverse disposition for the exercise of oppressive power over other agree†, bringing attention to the fact that the colonists were contradicting th emselves by demanding their freedom from Britain but denying slaves their freedom at the same time. Eric Foner, Thomas Jefferson on Race and Slavery (1781), In Voices of Freedom, Vol 1, Page 134 Throughout Jefferson’s notes, Jefferson goes on to explain that he understands that the very concept of slavery goes against his philosophy in which he instilled into the Declaration of Independence. As one of the father of our nation, we the people should expect our leaders to uphold certain standards when it comes to human rights of their vary nation. To quote our fathering document, the Declaration of Independence, â€Å"We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This however, brings up the point on whether or not Jefferson viewed the African slaves as â€Å"all men.† In the excerpt from his notes, Jefferson discusses that he believes that slavery should not exist but he also believed that once a slave is free, he or she can no longer live in the same society as one who which they have slaved for. Eric Foner, Frederick Douglass on the Desire for Freedom (1845), In Voices of Freedom, Vol 1,

Health Care Reform Essay - 1840 Words

Health care reform in the United States is a vital issue. Over the years, multiple Presidents have attempted to address reform but significant political obstacles have prevented any major change since the Social Security Act which established Medicaid and Medicare in 1965 (Kaiser Family Foundation [KFF], 2009). On March 23, 2010, President Barack Obama signed into law The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA). The premise of this legislation was to increase access to care by allowing more Americans to gain access to coverage and to impact the rising cost of healthcare in the country. After its implementation, between one and three million Americans ages 18 – 26 gained access to health insurance through coverage eligibility†¦show more content†¦There are four categories of quality measures used in pay-for-performance: process measures, outcome measures, patient experience, and structure measures. Process measures evaluate activities which positively aff ect health outcomes for patients. Outcome measures determine the effects the care provided have on the patient. Patient experience encompasses the patients’ satisfaction with the services received. Structure measures evaluate the equipment used by facilities, as well as the personnel employed by the facilities (James, 2012). As of 2016, expenditures for hospital readmissions were estimated at twelve billion dollars a year (Mason et al., 2016). These costs are many times unnecessary and avoidable. Medicare’s Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program can reduce payments by one percent to hospitals for readmissions for heart attacks, heart failure, or pneumonia in disproportionate amounts (James, 2012). It also will reward the hospitals that exceed the expectations set forth. The wide-ranging changes to healthcare policy impelled hospitals to discover other avenues for mitigating financial risks associated with the new policy. Patient coordination and discharge planning have become central to patient care. Case managers utilize medical homes, home care,Show MoreRelatedHealth Care Reform Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesHealthcare Financial Reform Proposal Sandra Xavier Grand Canyon University: HCA 240 Professor Tina Block July 8, 2012 Healthcare Financial Reform Proposal I believe healthcare reform is a waste of time and money but I also see that it can be beneficial to many uninsured Americans. First of all, health care costs keep rising and in 2011 the average cost for a family of four increased by 7.3% or $19,393. This is double the cost estimated in 2003, and by 2030 payroll taxes will cover onlyRead More Health Care Reform Essay836 Words   |  4 Pagespeople. As Theda Skocpol comments in her book Boomerang: Clinton’s Health Security Effort and the Turn Against Government in U.S. Politics, the Reagan administration instilled a dislike of centralized government in the American people. This was a major reason, according to Skocpol, why the Clinton Administration failed to nationalize â€Å"Health Security†. It was this fear of centralized government and Clinton’s failure to reform Health Care that makes a more centralized social policy unlikely in the nearRead MoreHealth Care and the Reform Essay1082 Words   |  5 P agesHealth insurance was developed to provide guaranteed coverage for sickness, injury and preventable health measures. Currently, the United States is facing a major challenge in controlling the cost of health care and providing coverage for everyone. This is why it is so important for the government to develop a new health care insurance plan. The purpose of this paper is to explore the history of health care, the major improvements made to coverage through the years. Discussing the healthcare reformRead MoreHealth Care Reform Essay1217 Words   |  5 Pages but that is impossible with the chaos that is happening in the American health care industry and a serious reform is needed such as the accepting the Patient Protection Affordability Care Act. The Patient Protection Affordable Care Act was signed into law on March 23rd, 2010 by Barrack Obama, but some do not agree with the obamacare are on the fast track to repeal the bill. The law would focuses on the health care reform in the United States by providing better coverage for those with pre-existingRead MoreEssay Health Care Reform1525 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Care Reform There has been a lot of talk and debate lately over Health Care Reform, as people are trying to answer the question – Should a universally accessible health care system be implemented in the United States (US)? This ongoing highly debatable issue remains a hot topic among US citizens from all walks of life, from the very poor to the very wealthy. Health Care Reform affects everyone. The vast majority of the US population is very dissatisfied with the current state of health careRead MoreHealth Care Reform Essay2227 Words   |  9 Pagesintroduced a Health Security Proposal in 1993, which was his attempt for a fundamental reform of the American healthcare system (Longest, 2010). In January of 1993, Clinton announced that he would be putting together a team of experts to review the issue of health care cost and develop a plan to propose to congress (Bok, 1998). On September 22, 1993, Clinton then made a speech to Congress announcing this new health plan (Bok, 1993). In his sp eech, Clinton urged law makers to â€Å"Fix a health care systemRead MoreEssay about Health Care Reform1520 Words   |  7 PagesBackground Universal Health Care System One of the most long-standing health care systems was originated in Germany in 1889 by Otto von Bismarck’s social legislation. Its included bills were the Health Insurance Bill 1883, Old Age and Disability Insurance Bill of 1889, and Accident Insurance Bill of 1883. The National Insurance Act of 1911 in Britain covered most people employed. It also financed dependents if families had contributed for at least five years. This coverage lasted whether familiesRead MoreHealth Care Reform in Politics Essay1524 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Care Reform in Politics Due to the upcoming presidential election, the two major political parties, and their candidates, have been focusing on the primary problems that the nation will face. Chief among those problems is the future of Medicare, the national health-insurance plan. Medicare was enacted in 1965, under the administration of Lyndon B. Johnson, in order to provide health insurance for retired citizens and the disabled (Ryan). The Medicare program covers most people agedRead MoreThe Need for Health Care Reform Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pagesneeds of their own citizens. The need for health care reform is more evident than ever. The recession of America has caused many people hardship due to many lay-offs and the fact that insurance premiums have risen drastically. Many families are not receiving the health care that they require due to these circumstances. It affects not only the young, but the senior citizens as well. Many people do not qualify for the already present government health care programs such as Medicaid and Medicare.Read MoreEssay on The Necessity of Health Care Reform1171 Words   |  5 Pagesuninsured for health care as of 2008 (CDC). This number is too high! What can Americans do about this growing problem? The Republicans and Democrats both have their separate plans for this matter, both of which contain good ideas, but fall short of what this country needs. A mixture of the two plans will solve this country’s health insurance problems. The Republicans have very specific beliefs on health care. They believe in helping out the individual by allowing them to take care of their own

Is Immigration A Problem - 900 Words

Immigration What is immigration? Immigration is the act of foreigners passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence. â€Å"Some people say that immigration is the next major issue the country must face,† but the question remains. Is immigration a problem we must face? There are some bad effects like greater poverty and education costs, but the good certainly outweighs the bad. There are many good outcomes from immigrants, but the top five are: economic gain, increase in cultural diversity, increase in the standard of living in the part of immigrant, a younger workforce, and skilled workers in need sectors. People say that immigrants take all our jobs and leave us with nothing, but in reality immigrants take the job that Americans feel they are too good to do. For example, immigrants take the jobs of trash men, school janitors, and gardeners. Americans as a whole feel as if those jobs are beneath them and they should not have to partake in those types of jobs, but on the other hand Americans do not feel that Immigrants should come in their land and steal their jobs. It has been said that because of immigrant’s minimum wage keeps getting lower. This is not true. Because of immigrants, we are able to get â€Å"consumer goods† at such a low price. Also because immigrants work for less than minimum wage, it cuts the prices of our goods, which allows us to get it for the prices we do. â€Å"When people migrate from one nation to another, the supply of labor in theShow MoreRelatedThe Immigration Problem Of Immigration1735 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween criminal law and immigration law has become increasingly blurred. In many jurisdictions around the world, undocumented immigration was long considered a civil offence in which violation resulted in fines and deportation. Now, however, illegal crossings are often treated as criminal violations carrying overly punitive consequences such as incarceration in harsh detention centers. The ever-evolving assortment of laws and enforcement measures concerning immigration, as well as negative rhetor icRead MoreThe Problem Of Immigration And Immigration1940 Words   |  8 Pagespaper will examine the problem of Immigration and Immigration Law. I will first discuss what Immigration Law is and how it works, then I will define the number one problem of immigration laws, â€Å"illegal immigration† and why it’s so important to follow procedures. It will also address the consequences after violating the laws. Next the paper discusses three policy solutions to the problems of illegal immigration: Legalization of Immigrants, Strengthen Border Security, and Immigration Amnesty. The paperRead MoreImmigration Problem Of Illegal Immigration1530 Words   |  7 Pagescountry has its own unique problems. One of its greatest problems is that of illegal immigration. Recently, the country has been made aware that its illegal immigration problem that it is working so hard to correct, is frankly failing. To date, it has seemingly not done its best to correct the issue though. Americ a must fix the major problem of illegal immigration before it becomes too out of hand. The existing American immigration policies fail at regulating immigration from the Mexican border dueRead MoreThe Problem Of Illegal Immigration1508 Words   |  7 Pagesshould first know what are the causes then they can suggest solutions to fix the problem or block it. Illegal immigration has been a problem that has plagued the United States for many years. Most people wish to find solutions to help the United States to prevent illegal immigrations. Since the number of illegal immigrants is increasing and there have not been any positive solutions to prevent or reduce this problem, many researchers keep researching for helpful solutions. Although the United StatesRead MoreThe Problem Of Illegal Immigration1046 Words   |  5 PagesRecently, illegal immigration has been a major issue that has affected many civilians in America. This problem has been made from migrates who try to enter the count ry of America without any form of identification, currency, education, or medical stability. These immigrants also bring disease, drugs, weapons, and cartels. The main problem America is having with illegal immigrants is that they are difficult to provide for. Many migrants are using the government as a source of income. Our economy canRead MoreImmigration Is A Big Problem1874 Words   |  8 PagesImmigration is a big problem in the United States. This paper analysis the people immigrate to U.S. in legal and illegal ways and the cause of it are the safe and economic problems in their home country. The legal immigrants can have most of the same rights as a U.S. citizens and have more opportunities. However, illegal immigrants don t have the same right and also increase the criminal problem in the U.S. . The cost of illegal immigration control is the serious problem for United Stated governmentRead MoreThe Problem Of Illegal Immigration2622 Words   |  11 Pagesunfortunately some we do not hear about ever again. Illegal immigration occurs around the whole world. People come from China, Japan, Ireland, Cuba, El Salvador, but where we hear where they come from the most is from Mexico. Many of them mainly come to have a better life or achieve the â€Å"American Dream† and if not for them, then they send their children so they can have a decent education and then they can help their family out. Now, illegal immigration is a serious issue that has been trying to be dealtRead MoreThe Problem Of Illegal Immigration3985 Words   |  16 PagesIllegal immigration, particularly of unaccompanied minors and single mothers, has increased to an unmanageable level and become a contentious and confusing political topic. This paper will effort to outline the current situation by providing background of the issue here in the US, describe the drivers that lead to the peoples’ emigration from their largely Central American home countries – including an examination of US responsibility in t he destabilization of these countries, - and what measuresRead MoreThe Growing Problem Of Illegal Immigration871 Words   |  4 Pages2016 The Growing Problem of Illegal Immigration Every year, millions of immigrants pour into the United States illegally. Are there any possible solutions to this trend? Immigrants cross the border either by the means of, swimming, using fake documents or by the means of using work visas. â€Å"Nearly half of the 12 million-plus illegal aliens in America arrived legally with non-immigrant visas,† said David Seminara, a tenured member of the U.S. Foreign Service (Illegal Immigration). Usually afterRead MoreThe Immigration Problem Of The United States1429 Words   |  6 PagesThe Solution to Our Immigration Problem: Expedite the Process The United States of America is facing a huge dilemma. This is the current immigration process and legalization of illegal migrants. It seems like nowadays immigration is all we hear about and how it is the only policy on which our population cares about. Which is sensible, because of all the refugees coming into America seeking asylum from their war torn countries. America has always been a glittering beacon to immigrants in foreign

Misconception of the God of Lighting Marvels Version

Who fits in the description of a blonde blue-eyed god, carries an electric hammer that can crush mountains and flies the god through the air, and talks in an old English Shakespeare speaking? That would be the famous Norse God of Lighting, Thor, or at least in the Marvels version he is like that in the movie Thor. Marvels version of Norse Mythology is actually different from the actual mythology which results a misconception of the myth to the people who watch the movie Thor. People sometime believe that Marvels version of Norse Mythology is the actual myth of Norse Mythology itself, because they believe that Marvel is telling the true tales in their own way. They sometime have forgotten that the movie Thor is an artist interpretation†¦show more content†¦As I asked him more questions, there were signs that his knowledge about Norse Mythology had Marvel’s elements mixed in it therefore caused misconceptions about Norse Mythology. Another example of people mistaking th e mythology from Marvel would be one of my friends. I was asking her opinion about a story I was making based on Norse Mythology. The topic was about the legend of Thor, particular his weapon Mjà ¶lnir, as I read to her the proprieties of the hammer. Thors iconic hammer, can only is held when hes wearing the iron glove Jà ¡rngreipr according to its lore. However, she was confused for a moment as she heard the description. She questioned it because she thought only those worthy could hold and wield the hammer as she recalled the information from the movie. That was Marvel’s version, the lore explains that the mythology-Thor himself couldn’t even wield the hammer if he wasn’t wearing those gloves. The requirements about the hammer were changed most likely because the concept of those who were worthy fits in a genre about a story of heroes and worthiness than using a magic glove to lift Mjà ¶lnir. Like my brother, she had mixed Marvels elements in Norse Mytholog y, especially beings like Thor even though their minor, but important details. Thor is the god of thunder and said to be the strongest of all men and gods in both Marvel’s and Norse Mythology. He is described to be a protector, and a hero for

The Repetition of Numerical Values in Myths and Literature free essay sample

Navajo tale Changing Woman and the Hero Twins after the Emergence of the People is a perfect example of archetype (model) in ancient, and not so ancient, mythology. Containing within the story of its pages the repetitive use ofa numerical value, a father god and sons of the father god, and heroes who must overcome dramatic obstacles while obtaining help from outside sources, Changing Woman and the Hero Twins places itself among a rich history of similar myths and folklore from around the globe, both secular and religious. One of the major similarities between this tale and others in worldwide lore is its epetitive use of a numerical value, in this case the number four. From the very first paragraph, where after the monsters have been eating the people there were only four persons remaining alive (Changing 36), to the four places of danger (Changing 40) that the Hero Twins must overcome by deceiving each of the subjects thereof four times in the middle of the tale (Changing 41), to the four monsters Old Age, Cold Woman, Poverty, and Hunger spared death at the end (Changing 46-47), the number four figures prominently throughout. We will write a custom essay sample on The Repetition of Numerical Values in Myths and Literature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In fact, nearly very gesture in the entire story seems to fail to culminate into any real action until the fourth time it is advanced. For instance, at the beginning of the narrative it takes Talking God four calls to the last four people remaining alive before he finally decides to stand before them (Changing 36). Later, when Talking God and Calling God create Changing Woman and White Shell Woman, they cannot seem to accomplish the task until the fourth time they enter and raise the buckskin, after which the two females (who are actually somehow one) emerge in human form from images of omen wrought in turquoise and white shell, respectively (Changing 37). Even the major antagonist of the story, Yeitso, is not immune from the predictability of the obsessive-compulsiveness of the repetitive, ritualistic four. As the four holy people say to the Hero Twins, advising them on the habits of the said monster, They said that he showed himself every day three times on the mountains before he came down, and when he showed himself for the fourth time he descended from Tsotsil to Tosato to drink (Changing 44). Unfortunately, the twins use this advice less advantageously than they should. As the narrator states, even though Yeitso kneels down to drink four times from a lake, The brothers lost their presence of mind at the sight of the giant drinking, and did nothing while he was stooping down (Changing 45). Understanding the lack of drama that would have followed from a surprise ambush and the easy killing of the main terror of the tale without a fght (though compared to the twins father, Yeitso actually doesnt seem so terrible), the twins can be forgiven for their temporary, fear-induced inaction. The repetition of numerical values is a common factor in historical myth and eligious texts. A text that uses this repetition extensively is the Christian Bible. The number seven is used at the beginning of the text, in the second chapter of Genesis, to describe the week it took for God to create the world six days for Him to create it , and one for Him to rest (Holy 2). The number seven is also used at the end of the text, when John introduces his apocalyptic book of Revelation by addressing it to the seven churches in the province of Asia (Holy 867). The number forty also appears early and later in the text, first in the Old Testament to describe Noahs forty ays and nights of rain while in the ark in Genesis chapter seven (Holy 5), and later in the New Testament to describe Jesus forty days and nights of fasting in the wilderness in Matthew chapter four (Holy 682-683). The number forty is also foundational to the history of the nation of Israel, as laid out in Numbers chapters thirteen and fourteen, when the Israelites explore the promised land of Canaan for forty days, get scared to try and take it over because the people of the land are so big, rebel against God by refusing to enter, and are punished by Him by being forced to ander around the desert for forty years one year for each day they had explored the land before (Holy 105-106).

Music Research Paper Essay Example For Students

Music Research Paper Essay Without music life would be a mistake. With this eloquent statement, he expresses the magnitude of what lies at the core of every human being and that is simply our inherent love for music. It is a human necessity that strikes a chord with all of us and always seems to mark every emotion, experience, event, and time period. Music has no boundaries with its interpretations, evolutions and expressions being limitless. When The Riddle Song came to America, it was originally popular in Kentucky, and spread westward with Daniel Boone and his followers. By the early sasss, the song was known throughout a large portion of the country. The Riddle Song was apparently a favorite among pioneer children, especially, who loved to pass the long hours of their Journey with riddles and games. These riddles became especially popular with the children, since they could be sung. The Riddle Song came to us from an ancient English ballad, Captain Wideners (or Walkers) Courtship, which is also sometimes found under the name Lord Rosins Daughter. A copy of the ballad was printed in The New British Songster, a Collection of Songs, Scots and English, with Toasts and Sentiments for the Bottle in 1785, and it is said that few were more popular. This ballad features a witty man, Captain Waterbury, who wins a lady hand in marriage (or a trip to her bed, depending on the version) by solving the riddles she devises. This story serves as a counterpart for the popular ballad theme in which a clever maid wins a husband by completing riddles. The ballad itself is a very long story chronicling Wideners courtship, and The Riddle Song is composed of four of the riddles within the ballad. The ballad air entitled Captain Wideners Courtship, which can be found in The English and Scottish Popular Ballads (Viol. V) seems to have no melodic relation to the song we sing today. It is shown in this source in the key of E Major, and features the entire diatonic scale, as well as some lowered 7th scale degrees. I have not been able to uncover a bridge from the ballad air to the familiar tune of The Riddle Song, but I have discovered that despite its long history, and the great amount of space through which The Riddle Song has traveled, the variations in the song, as we know it today, re surprisingly limited. Unlike many folk songs, the beautiful melody remains virtually unchanged from written source to written source, and from recording to recording. The words, too, are basically the same, with some minor variations from source to source. Two printed sources, Front Porch Old-Time Songs Jokes and Stories: 48 Great Sing-Along Favorites, and The American Song Treasury: 100 Favorites each feature The Riddle Song in the key of F Major. The American Song Treasury, rather than a simple quadruple meter, shows the song in cut time, which I believe feels the cost authentic. In these sources, there is only one slight difference in the melodies, found on the word that in the second and third riddles of the song. The American Song Treasury shows this word on a C, the college syllable so, while the version in Front Porch Old-Time Songs Jokes and Stories show a D, or la. The only other differences in these two sources are a few slight textual variants in the second and third stanzas, which are shown below. The American Song Treasury Front Porch Old- By Collaboratively can there be a cherry that has no stones? How can there be a chicken that has no bone? How can there be a chicken that has no bones? How can there be a ring that has no end? How can there be a ring that has no end? How can there be a baby with no crying? How can there be a baby thats not crying? 3. A cherry when its blooming it has no stone A cherry when its blooming it has no stones, A chicken in an eggshell it has no bone A chicken when its piping it has no bones, A ring when its rolling it has no end A ring when its rolling it has no end, A baby when its sleeping has no crying. A baby when its sleeping theres no crying. .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415 , .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415 .postImageUrl , .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415 , .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415:hover , .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415:visited , .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415:active { border:0!important; } .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415:active , .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415 .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufb5c19ab40c6abaa76feab3334959415:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Surrealism Research Task EssayUpon studying these text versions, it is clear that very little has changed from version to version, and that the main idea of the song has not changed at all. The greatest text variant occurs in explaining the riddle of the chicken with no bones. I imagine that the version about the chicken in the eggshell is a slightly more current one, since the term piping is not heard often. Another version of The Riddle Song, found in I Hear America Singing: Folk Songs for American Families, collected and arranged by Kathleen Krill, features what I suspect to be a slightly romanticizes text variation. The third riddle in this version, rather than giving a ring with no end, says l told my love a story that had no end and responds in the third stanza with, The story that I love you, it has no end. Although this is a very beautiful idea, it does appear to be less authentic than the previously mentioned versions featuring a ring. This version also gives the editorial suggestion Like an opera singer at the beginning of the song (which I believe would sound a little silly with the simple folk melody), and appears in the key of D major, which is much rower than the other versions. However, the book makes no secret of the fact that its songs have been arranged, and though arranged, it still features the exact same melody as the version in Front Porch Old-Time Songs Jokes and Stories. Perhaps the most instructive way to learn about this and other folk songs is to listen to a performance of the song from someone who knows it as their own, someone who probably also learned it through the oral tradition. I found two such examples of The Riddle Song recorded by Burl Ivies, and Jean Ritchie and Oscar Brand. The Burl Ivies cording from his CD The Wayfaring Stranger features a very simple combination of voice and guitar. Ivies sets a very easy, free tempo, and allows a lot of rubout, especially at the very ends of phrases. His performance style and rhythms are also much freer than any of the written sources I have found. Rather than straight quarter and half notes, there are many dotted rhythms which sound very natural, and almost extemporaneous, like they might change a little each time he performs the song. Jean Ritchie recording is a very beautiful interpretation including several guitars, accorders, and even the addition of a drum set, which is surprisingly unimposing. Ritchie also sings in duet with Oscar Brand. In this recording, she sings the first and third stanzas, while Brand sings the second stanza. Both singers then repeat the third stanza together to end the song. This version is interesting because it has clearly been arranged to include several instruments which come to the forefront in the introduction and interludes between stanzas; but they are played very characteristically and do not distract from the beauty of the melody, which has hanged very little. Ritchie and Brand, like Ivies, sing with a very relaxed and free tempo and rhythms. There are also some slight rhythmic differences in the ways The Riddle Song has remained virtually unchanged throughout the years since it arrived here in America. Rather than changing to accommodate different situations, like many songs which were adapted to fit the experiences of miners or railroad workers, for example, the original ballad was sheared down to include only four riddles whose simplicity and charm have obliged very little editing.

Economics for Decision Making

Question: Discuss about the Economics for Decision Making. Answer: Introduction The report addresses the key economic indicators of Australia such as GDP growth rate, unemployment rate, inflation rate and terms of trade. The indicators helps the viewers know the economic condition of nation and analyze how well is the economy performing. It helps in analyzing whether the economy is growing progressively or is degrading and the reasons for its performance. Macroeconomic policies are the policies used by the government and banks to stabilize the condition of the economy and help it achieve the set targets and goals. There are two types of macroeconomic policies that are monetary policy and fiscal policy. Monetary policies are the policies that are used to control the money supply in the economy and the government to determine tax level uses fiscal policies. The report analyzes the set target of each indicator and suggests the policies and ways the economy can achieve its set targets and goals. The primary aim of the report is to analyze the current state of Austra lian economy and its management by federal government (Downes et al., 2014). Economic indicators of Australia GDP growth rate: Gross domestic product is the monetary value of all the final goods and services produced in an economy. The GDP growth rate is used to measure the economic growth of the country and its performance in world. Unemployment rate: unemployment rate is the rate to measure joblessness in the economy. It is the number of people looking for job as a percentage of total labor force. Inflation rate: inflation rate is the rate at which the prices of goods and services in an economy rise during a certain period (Abubakar, 2016). Terms of trade: terms of trade are the price at which the goods and services are traded between two nations. It is the price of imports and exports (Deardorff, 2014). Year GDP growth rate percentage Unemployment rate percentage Inflation rate percentage Terms of trade index point Current account percentage 2005 3.2 5.0 2.7 131.1 -6.3 2006 3.0 4.8 3.5 145.5 -6.1 2007 3.8 4.4 2.3 152.4 -7.5 2008 1.8 4.2 4.4 174.6 -4.9 2009 1.8 5.6 1.8 163.0 -5.3 2010 2.0 5.1 2.8 178.9 -3.9 2011 2.4 5.1 3.3 200.4 -3.2 2012 3.6 5.2 1.8 182.0 -4.3 2013 2.4 5.7 2.5 177.0 -3.3 2014 2.5 6.1 2.5 165.1 -3.0 2015 2.2 6.1 1.5 83.3 -4.4 2016 3.3 5.7 1.6 80.5 - 2017-2020 2.7 6.00 1.90 82.34 - Table 1: Economic indicators of Australia (Source: World Bank Group, 2016). The value of Australian dollar at present is 1 Australian dollar is equal to 50.75 Indian rupee. Current macroeconomic policies of Australia Macroeconomic policies are the policies that is used by federal government and reserve bank of Australia to stabilize the economy and help the economy achieve set targets and goals. Monetary policy: Monetary policies are policies set by the reserve bank of Australia to control the money supply in the economy and the economic growth rate. The main component of monetary policy is cash rate or the rate of interest. Cash rate is the rate at which the reserve bank lends money to commercial banks. Investment and demand depends of this cash rate only. Lower the interest rate higher will be money supply and investment in the economy and higher the rate of inflation. The tools of monetary policies are Open Market Ratio (OMO), bank interest rates or the cash rates in terms of Australia; Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) and Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) (Fenna, 2013). Year Real Interest rate percentage 2010 6.2 2011 1.5 2012 4.8 2013 6.4 2014 4.5 2015 6.3 2016 2.25 Table 2: Interest rate in Australia (Source: World Bank Group, 2016). Figure: Interest rate changes in Australia (Source: created by author) The above table indicates that the Reserve bank of Australia is decreasing the cash rate or the interest rate in order to increase the money supply in the economy and boost investment. The loans are available at lesser rate that will encourage new start-ups in the economy. This policy is mainly adopted to solve the problem of unemployment (Shimer, 2012). Monetary policy affects the interest rate and ultimately the rate of inflation. Monetary policies are used to achieve full unemployment, price stability, economic prosperity and welfare of the people of Australia. The inflation target is usually set at 2-3 percent in order to ensure sustainable growth (Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Government., 2016). Since, Australia adopts floating exchange rate the monetary policy includes management of short-term interest rates to achieve domestic policy. The Reserve Bank Act 1959 states the objectives of monetary policies in Australia as: Stabilizing the currency of the nation, Achieving full employment level in Australia, Maximizing economic prosperity and welfare of the people (Gal, 2015). The investment in the Australian economy is decreasing. The Reserve Bank of Australia has decided to reduce the cash rate to encourage investment in the economy. This is also done to improve the unemployment rate and solve the problem of joblessness. The above analysis shows that the interest rate is falling from the year 2011. The main tool of monetary policy is the interest rate that greatly affects the monetary policy of the economy. The main objective is to control the money supply in the economy to stimulate growth, achieve high employment, increase GDP and maintain the inflation rate (Fraser et al., 2014). Fiscal policy Fiscal policies are policies used by the government to control the functioning of the economy by altering the government expenditure and tax rates. The two main tools of fiscal policies are tax rate and government expenditure. When the government wants to stimulate the growth condition in the economy it increases the government spending and decreases the tax rate. This will increase the money supply in the economy and stimulate demand (Auerbach Gorodnichenko, 2013). The main aim of the Federal government in Australia is to improve the unemployment rates, control inflation, and stabilize the price and the business conditions. This is controlled through government spending and fiscal policies by the government of Australia. The multiplier of government expenditure is greater than one while the multiplier of taxes is negative. There is a need for the government to expand its infrastructure in order to improve unemployment rate. The infrastructure is well developed that indicate that the concentration of the government is on improving the infrastructure (Hansen, 2013). Analysis Figure: GDP growth rate (Source: created by author) Figure: unemployment rate (Source: created by author) Figure: inflation rate (Source: created by author) The above table indicates that Australian economy is growing and the economic performance is improving. The economy of Australia is growing faster than expected by the economists. The main reason for the growth of the economy of Australia is mining of iron ore and exporting natural resources to China and other developing countries. The rate of inflation is low as the prices of the commodities are falling in the Australian economy (Lowe, 2012). The Australian economy is facing current account deficit, as the values of imports is higher than the exports. Since the economy of China has transformed from investment economy to service sector economy, the demand for commodities as decreased. Exports of Australia have decreased due to this reason, which is why current account is in deficit. Australia is in thirteenth position in the world in terms of growth (Manalo et al., 2015). Conclusion The above analysis shows that the main aim of the government in Australia is to improve the unemployment rate and stabilize the economy of Australia. The policy adopted by the Australian government aims at achieving the set inflation target rate and improving the unemployment rate. The economy uses the tool of interest rate and government expenditure to achieve its goals and objectives. It is essential for the government to increase its expenditure in order to improve the unemployment rate and achieve the set forecast. The economy of Australia is growing faster than expected that is bad for the economy as it will not be able to cope up with the growth. The current account of the economy is in deficit, which should be taken account by the reserve bank of Australia. It is essential for the economy to increase its exports and reduce imports in order to improve trade. Adopting right policies will help the economy achieve better goals. The main problem with the Australian economy is regar ding the high unemployment rate while the inflation rate is within the set inflation target. References Abubakar, A. M. (2016). Inflation Targeting as a Monetary Policy Framework: A Critical Appraisal.Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research,2(6). Auerbach, A. J., Gorodnichenko, Y. (2013). Output spillovers from fiscal policy.The American Economic Review,103(3), 141-146. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Government. (2016). Abs.gov.au. Retrieved 22 September 2016, from https://www.abs.gov.au/ Data | The World Bank. (2016). Data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 22 September 2016, from https://data.worldbank.org/ Deardorff, A. V. (2014).Terms of trade: glossary of international economics. World Scientific. Downes, P., Hanslow, K., Tulip, P. (2014).The effect of the mining boom on the Australian economy. Reserve Bank of Australia. Fenna, A. (2013). The economic policy agenda in Australia, 19622012.Australian Journal of Public Administration,72(2), 89-102. Fraser, P., Macdonald, G. A., Mullineux, A. W. (2014). Regional monetary policy: An Australian perspective.Regional Studies,48(8), 1419-1433. Gal, J. (2015).Monetary policy, inflation, and the business cycle: an introduction to the new Keynesian framework and its applications. Princeton University Press. Hansen, A. H. (2013).Fiscal policy business cycles. Routledge. Lowe, P. (2012). The changing structure of the Australian economy and monetary policy.The Recent Economic Performance of the States 1 Trends in National Saving and Investment 9 The Distribution of Household Wealth in Australia: Evidence from the 2010 HILDA Survey 19 Indias Steel Industry 29, 79. Manalo, J., Perera, D., Rees, D. M. (2015). Exchange rate movements and the Australian economy.Economic Modelling,47, 53-62. ODonnell, C. J. (2014). An economic approach to identifying the drivers of productivity change in the market sectors of the Australian economy.Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis Working Papers WP02/2014. Shahiduzzaman, M., Alam, K. (2014). Information technology and its changing roles to economic growth and productivity in Australia.Telecommunications Policy,38(2), 125-135. Shimer, R. (2012). Reassessing the ins and outs of unemployment.Review of Economic Dynamics,15(2), 127-148. Tranding Economics | 300.000 INDICATORS from 196 COUNTRIES. (2016). Tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved 22 September 2016, from https://www.tradingeconomics.com/

Richelsons The Wizards of Langley Inside the CIAs Directorate of Science and Technology. Book Review

Richelson offers an authentic account of the development and evolution of directorate of science and technology at the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). CIA started its work in reports’ department before becoming an agency of scientific intelligence.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Richelson’s The Wizards of Langley: Inside the CIA’s Directorate of Science and Technology. Book Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The agency adopted science and technology as part of clandestine surveillance in its events in 1968. Some of the most noteworthy facilities acquired by the agency included the Corona photographic reconnaissance satellite and U-2 airplane (Richelson 54). These programs faced much criticism at first. However, the intelligence technology through use of satellites finally caught the hearts of officials in 1960 and later in 1980’s, after they realized that the programs did not leave any room for susceptibility. Some of these officials of CIA were Allen Dulles who was the director and Eisenhower, the President. These two officials turned into firm supporters of the programs after they learnt that no gap for planned bombing prevailed as the U-2 missions revealed. The deals of the agency went on well until it ruined Bay Pigs in 1961. This annoyed the then U.S. president John Kennedy and what followed was the firing of Bissell who was a leader in the team that directed the attack. Bissel had also played a key role in developing satellite and aerial survey mediums to keep an eye on the Soviet tactical challenge. Following the Cuban fiasco, Wheelon became the directorate of the intelligence programs. Land and Killian nominated him when they realized that Kennedy wanted to stay far from the CIA. Their argument was that the programs were too intricate for military managers and that it was necessary to merge science and technology in a fresh CIA directorate. Follo wing appointment, Wheelon aided construction of a first class scientific laboratory, which executed advanced research in intelligence, medicine and military.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The agency’s scientists also came up with systems for measuring the level of activity in Soviet atomic spots as well as a method of identifying breast tumor. Other systems developed by CIA scientists included retrieval machines as well as systems for translating languages. These scientists also created systems for identifying ghost aircrafts as well as human faces. Production of apparatus that could detect people’s faces was an excellent defense strategy in fighting terrorism. Later, CIA experts steered the killings of Fidel Castro and Lumumba. CIA technicians made pills with poison as well as strange murder arms, which they used to assassinate the two heroes. The agency handed the pill s to mafia who plotted the killing of Fidel. CIA continued with producing drugs at science and technology directorate until when the media uncovered this deal. Later, an army man who was responsible for drug production at the agency committed suicide. Richelson gives an account of how the agency made use of science and technology for surveillance through tradecraft. The agency created apparatus that could mask voices and alter their bodily looks. Another scheme involved wiring a listening device to a cat so that it could record transmitted information from different areas. However, this scheme failed after a vehicle hit it hard in Paris. As explained by Richelson, successes of science and technology directorate were extraordinary, since their technical group was very efficient. Policy makers used information from surveillance to make regulations about disarmament. The directorate ensured that all arms sold to the Soviet Union underwent scrutiny by the CIA.Advertising We will wr ite a custom essay sample on Richelson’s The Wizards of Langley: Inside the CIA’s Directorate of Science and Technology. Book Review specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The intelligence collected by CIA assisted in winning many fights. For instance, the agency offered satellite intelligence to President Nixon and he succeeded in signing an accord pertaining arms control against the wish of the military. The agency also led to the signing of ABM treaty after persuading critics that the Soviet-surface-air missile apparatus was different from an anti-ballistic apparatus. Richelson depicts the CIA as a super agency. However, anyone will wonder why the agency did not foresee the collapse of the Soviet Union. The politicization that occurred during the reign of Casey and Gates addresses this query. The leaders manipulated estimations of CIA on Soviet militia power to rationalize the huge spending in U.S. defense force. For instan ce, the amount that Gates claimed to have spent on defense program differed from photography results. Thus, the CA failed to consider the information collected by photography and this shows that the CIA betrayed its role as an agent between policy and intelligence. Another thing that Richelson fails to consider is the fall of science and technology at the CIA, after the directorates of intelligence failed to realize the value of scientific unearthing. During the reign of Casey and William Colby, critics attacked the directorate leading to its fall. Richelson, however, does not mention or consider this occurrence in his work. Severe failure followed the decline of the agency’s science and technology directorates. For instance, both Chinese embassy and Sudan experienced bombing in 1998 and 1999, respectively. The nuclear program in India also lacked supervision. In addition, CIA directorate explains that the agency was not able to endorse the test restriction treaty and this ma de Clinton‘s government to lose senate endorsement.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Presently, the CIA is unable to stay advanced in the field of communication intelligence due to control by military. Terrorists have advanced systems of communications, which they use to send swift messages and this undermines the intelligence when gathering information. This shortcoming together with the incompetency of the intelligence communities when it comes to analyzing all collected data led to the failure of CA to predict the attacks staged against America in 2001. The fact that the senate select committee on intelligence has ignored to weigh reasons that led to the fall of science and technology directorate is quite sad. The senate select committee supervises the CIA and therefore, it should have investigated the reason behind the fall as well as the effect of this fall on the scientific side of the intelligence society. The cases of Land, Killian and Wheelon should act as reference point to the committee on how to apply science on intelligence. Besides, the committee shoul d scrutinize the behavior of directors who made first research to end paving way for scientific application. In conclusion, Richelson describes various achievements of the CIA. The agency is the root of most accomplishments of intelligence technology. Some of the most noteworthy facilities acquired by the agency include the Corona photographic reconnaissance satellite and U-2 airplane. Use of technical systems like satellites and reconnaissance aircraft has assisted in watching over arms control and this has solved many disputes among nuclear powers. CIA has also led to many scientific advances especially in the medical field. Thus, we cannot ignore the contributions of CIA to modern intelligence technology. Works Cited Richelson, Jeffrey. The Wizards of Langley: Inside the CIA’s Directorate of Science and Technology. Boulder, MD: West view Press, 2002. Print. This essay on Richelson’s The Wizards of Langley: Inside the CIA’s Directorate of Science and Technology. Book Review was written and submitted by user Gunner Parsons to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Canning and the Eastern Question Essay Example

Canning and the Eastern Question Essay In 1822 Castlereagh committed suicide and George Canning was appointed as the new British Foreign Secretary, a position he kept until his death in 1827. Castlereagh as Foreign Secretary had played a leading role in the defeat of Napoleon and was very keen to use the Congress System to restore peace in Europe; Canning however was more hostile to the Congress System as he believed British interests lay outside Europe and he had no good relationship with the other European statesmen. By his death in 1827 he had played a major role in the death of the Congress System but had also managed to successfully maintain British interests. At this time the Ottoman Empire was very large containing South Eastern Europe and parts of Asia and North Africa. However as it was such a huge ramshackle of different nationalities and religions in order for it to be governed effectively it needed a strong leadership from Constantinople, which the Turkish Sultan of this time couldnt offer, since 1815 the Ottoman Empire had been in decline. (The Ottoman Empire) After Frances defeat previously Russia was now considered the biggest threat to the balance of power in Europe. It had great military power due to the seemingly unlimited supply of peasant conscripts to its armed services. The weak Ottoman Empire was always being watched by Russia who was continuously pushing its boundaries Southwards towards Constantinople and the Straits. Russia was hoping to gain land and access through the Black Sea into the Mediterranean. Britain feared that if this occurred Russia would be able to threaten British trade and naval dominance in that area and also its important trade routes to India. We will write a custom essay sample on Canning and the Eastern Question specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Canning and the Eastern Question specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Canning and the Eastern Question specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Britain was not committed to maintaining the Empire but did not want to see it fall to Russia, however it was in the best interests for Austria to strengthen the Ottoman Empire as it was a useful buffer against Russian expansion and Austria had no designs on the land itself. France also wanted to see the Ottoman Empire preserved as it had long standing political and commercial links with Turkey and hoped to extend its influence over the area via the Pasha of Egypt, Mehmet Ali. At the Congress of Vienna the major European powers had restored monarchies to every European country but the 19th Century has been labelled The Age of Nationalism as individual countries wanted the right to look after their own interests free from the influence of a foreign power. The old monarchical powers such as Austria and Russia were terrified of revolution and the European powers all had a solid stance to crush any revolts. However the Greek uprising of 1822 against the Ottoman Empire was different. The deeply religious Russians were concerned with their fellow Orthodox Christians fighting to free themselves from Muslim rule. It seemed likely that Russia would become involved in this conflict as the Russians saw themselves as the unofficial guardians of the Orthodox religion and also relations between the Ottoman Empire and Russia were already poor as the Russians had been left feeling aggrieved after the Ottomans pulled out of the 1812 Bucharest Agreement. There was also a lot of sympathy for the Greek Revolution in Britain, especially throughout the educated elite; there were many volunteers who went there to fight for the Greeks such as Lord Byron the romantic poet who eventually died for the cause. The Greeks had even sent a deputation to Britain begging for help. The sympathy increased for the Greeks when the Turks conducted a massacre of Greek Orthodox Christians and murdered the Patriarch of Constantinople on Easter Sunday in 1821. In April 1821 the Greeks of Morea killed thousands of the local Turks and the Turks then retaliated with even worse horrors. This caused another surge in European public sympathy and in 1823 Canning recognized the Greeks as Co-belligerents, which meant he recognised Greeks right to take up arms against an unpopular Turkish regime. This sympathy for the Greeks however, was strongest in Russia, where it was going to be hard for the government to ignore such public feeling. The Tsar Alexander I initially wanted to intervene but Metternich, who arguing against supporting Nationalistic causes on the grounds that all revolutions must be prevented and that they were all centred from Paris, dissuaded him. However in December 1825 Tsar Alexander I died and the new Tsar, Nicholas I was ready for immediate intervention with or without international cooperation. He wanted to establish himself quickly in the eyes of his people and Europe and to avenge atrocities against Greek Orthodox Christians; also weakening the Turkish Empire would bring benefits to Russia. Canning now had to make sure the Russians didnt gain too much in this area. Turkey needed help to fight the Greek revolt and turned to Mehmet Ali, who held land in Egypt directly as a favour from the Turkish Sultan and was therefore obliged to help the Sultan if his interest were threatened. Between 1826 and 1827 an Egyptian army, under Mehmet Alis son Ibrahim Pasha, gained the upper hand over the Greek rebels. Canning tried to prevent Russia entering a war by sending Wellington to St Petersburg to offer solving the dispute by mediation to the new Tsar. Canning decided Britain must act to: * Prevent Turkey being weakened too much as it was a useful buffer against Russian expansion in the Balkans. * Make sure Russia didnt make too much advantage e. g. possession of Constantinople He may also have intervened to break up the Congress System, which he despised; he knew Anglo Russian cooperation would infuriate Metternich. The outcome was the Protocol of St Petersburg of April 1926 with which the British and the Russians offered mediation to the Turks as long as the Greeks retained some form of self-government. Britain, Russia and France confirmed this by attending the July 1827 Treaty of London where they guaranteed Greek self-government by force if necessary and a joint nav al expedition set out for Greece. Canning was now under great pressure as the Austrians and Prussians objected to this support of revolution and the Turks were refusing to sign the treaty. In August 1827 Canning died, probably brought on by overwork. Meanwhile the joint 27-ship fleet was blockading the Turkish-Egyptian fleet of 81 ships in the Greek, Navarino Bay. Though under orders to avoid hostilities, the British Admiral Codrington decided to force the issue by sailing into the bay. The Turks opened fire and a full-scale battle developed lasting four hours. It was a disaster for the Turks and their allies; 61 ships and about 4000 men were lost in October 1827. There was no prospect of the Turks recapturing Greece whose independence was recognised in 1830 and her frontiers were decided in 1832. In the end Cannings work in the Near East had mixed success. He had helped to achieve a completely independent Greece however his wider aim of limiting Russian gains by cooperation with her had been ruined by Wellington who failed to grasp Cannings intentions.

Biography of Sir Arthur Currie

Biography of Sir Arthur Currie Sir Arthur Currie was the first Canadian-appointed commander of the Canadian Corps in World War I. Arthur Currie participated in all major actions of the Canadian forces in World War I, including the planning and execution of the assault on Vimy Ridge. Arthur Currie is best known for his leadership during the last 100 Days of World War I and as a successful advocate of keeping Canadians together as a unified fighting force. Birth December 5, 1875, in Napperton, Ontario Death November 30, 1933, in Montreal, Quebec Professions Teacher, real estate salesman, soldier and university administrator Career of Sir Arthur Currie Arthur Currie served in the Canadian Militia before World War I. He was sent to Europe at the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Arthur Currie was appointed the commander of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade in 1914. He became commander of the 1st Canadian Division in 1915. In 1917 he was made commander of the Canadian Corps and later that year was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general. After the war, Sir Arthur Currie served as Inspector General of the Militia forces from 1919 to 1920. Currie was principal and vice-chancellor of McGill University from 1920 to 1933. Honors Received by Sir Arthur Currie Commander of the BathLegion of HonourKnight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. GeorgeCroix de GuerreU.S. Distinguished Service Medal

E-Procurement And E-Logistics The WritePass Journal

E-Procurement And E-Logistics WRITEPASS CUSTOM ESSAY WRITING Business Management Dissertation Ideas E-Procurement And E-Logistics } Ross, D. F. 2010. Â  Introduction to Supply Chain Management Technologies. London, CRC Press. William C. 2003. The true meaning of supply chain management. Logistics Management, June 2003, Vol. 42, Issue 6.

Viking Social Structure - Living in a Norse World

Viking Social Structure - Living in a Norse World Viking social structure was highly stratified, with three ranks or classes which were written directly into Scandinavian mythology, as slaves (called thrall in Old Norse), farmers or peasants (karl), and the aristocracy (jarl or earl). Mobility was theoretically possible across the three strata- but in general, slaves were an exchange commodity, traded with the Arab caliphate as early as the 8th century CE, along with furs and swords, and to leave slavery was rare indeed.   That social structure was the result of several changes within Scandinavian society during the Viking age. Key Takeaways: Viking Social Structure The Vikings in and outside of Scandinavia had a three-tier social structure of slaves, peasants, and elites, established and confirmed by their origin myth.The earliest rulers were military warlords called drotten, who were selected from warriors based on merit, only in power during wartime, and subject to assassination if they gained too much power.  Peacetime kings were selected from the elite class and they traveled throughout the region and met people in halls built in part for that purpose. Most provinces were largely autonomous of the kings, and the kings were also subject to regicide. Pre-Viking Social Structure According to archaeologist T.L. Thurston, Viking social structure had its origins with the warlords, called drott, which had become established figures in Scandinavian society by the late 2nd century. The drott was primarily a social institution, resulting in a pattern of behavior in which warriors selected the most adept leader and pledged fealty to him. The drott was an ascribed (earned) title of respect, not an inherited one; and these roles were separate from the regional chieftains or petty kings. They had limited powers during peacetime. Other members of the drotts retinue included: drang or dreng- a young warrior (plural droengiar)  thegn- a mature warrior (plural thegnar)  skeppare- captain of a chiefly vesselhimthiki- housekarls or the lowest rank of elite soldiersfolc- the population of a settlement Viking Warlords to Kings Power struggles among Scandinavian warlords and petty kings developed in the early 9th-century and these conflicts resulted in the creation of dynastic regional kings and a secondary elite class which competed directly with the drotts. By the 11th century, Late Viking societies were led by powerful, aristocratic dynastic leaders with hierarchical networks including lesser religious and secular leaders. The title given to such a leader was that of respect rather: old kings were frea, meaning respected and wise; younger ones were drotten, vigorous and warlike. If an overlord became too permanent or ambitious, he could be assassinated, a pattern of regicide which continued in Viking society for a long time.   An early important Scandinavian warlord was the Danish Godfred (also spelled Gottrick or Gudfred), who by 800 CE had a capital at Hedeby, inherited his status from his father and an army set to attack his neighbors. Godfred, probably overlord over the federated south Scandinavia, faced a powerful enemy, the Holy Roman Emperor Charlemagne. But a year after victory over the Franks, Godfred was assassinated by his own son and other relations in 811. Viking Kings Most Viking kings were, like warlords, chosen based on merit from the earl class. The kings, sometimes called chieftains, were primarily itinerant political leaders, who never had any permanent role over the whole realm. The provinces were almost entirely autonomous, at least until the reign of Gustav Vasa (Gustav I of Sweden) in the 1550s.   Each community had a hall where political, legal and perhaps religious matters were dealt with, and banquets were held. The leader met his people in the halls, established or reestablished bonds of friendship, his people swore oaths of allegiance and gave the leader gifts, and proposals of marriage were made and settled. He may have held a high priest role in cultic rituals.   Norse Halls Archaeological evidence concerning the roles of jarl, karl, and thrall is limited, but medieval historian Stefan Brink suggests that separate halls were constructed for the use of the different social classes. There was the house of the thrall, the banqueting hall of the peasant, and the banqueting hall of the nobleman.   Brink notes that in addition to being places where the itinerant king held court, halls were used for trade, legal, and cultic purposes. Some were used to house specialized craftsman in high-quality forging and skilled handicrafts or to present cult performances, attendance by specific warriors and housecarls, etc.   Archaeological Halls The foundations of large rectangular buildings interpreted as halls have been identified in numerous sites through Scandinavia and into the Norse diaspora. Banqueting halls ranged between 160–180 feet (50–85 meters) long, and 30–50 ft (9–15 m).  Ã‚  Some examples are: Gudme on Fyn, Denmark, dated to 200–300 CE, 47x10 m, with ceiling beams 80 cm in width and equipped with a double doorway, located east of the Gudme hamlet.  Lejre on Zealand, Denmark, 48x11, thought to represent a guild hall; Lejre was the seat of Viking age kings of ZealandGamla Uppsala in Uppland, central Sweden, 60 m long built on a man-made platform of clay, dated to the Vendel period CE 600–800, located near a medieval royal estateBorg on Vetvagoy, Lofoten in northern Norway, 85x15 m with cultic thin gold plates and imports of Carolingian glass. Its foundations built over an older, slightly smaller (55x8 m) hall dated to the Migration Period 400–600Hogom in Medelpad, 40x7–5 m, includes a high seat in the house, an elevated base in the middle of the building, thought to have had several purposes, high seat, banqueting hall room and assembly hall   Mythic Origins of Classes According to the Rigspula, a mythic-ethnologic poem collected by Saemund Sigfusson at the end of the 11th or beginning of the 12th century CE, Heimdal, the sun god sometimes called Rigr, created the social classes at the beginning of time, when the earth was lightly populated. In the tale, Rigr visits three houses and engenders the three classes in order.   Rigr first visits Ai (Great Grandfather) and Edda (Great Grandmother) who live in a hut and feed him husk-filled bread and broth. After his visit, the child Thrall is born. The children and grandchildren of Thrall are described as having black hair and an unsightly countenance, thick ankles, coarse fingers, and of being a low and deformed stature. Historian Hilda Radzin believes this is a direct reference to the Lapps, who were reduced to a state of vassalage by their Scandinavian conquerors. Next, Rigr visits Afi (Grandfather) and Amma (Grandmother), who live in a well-built house where the Afi is making a loom and his wife is spinning. They feed him stewed calf and good food, and their child is called Karl (freeman). Karls offspring have red hair and florid complexions.   Finally, Rigr visits Fadir (Father) and Modir (Mother) living in a mansion, where he is served roast pork and game birds in silver dishes. Their child is Jarl (Noble). The nobles children and grandchildren have blond hair, bright cheeks, and eyes as fierce as a young serpent. Sources Brink, Stefan. Political and Social Structures in Early Scandinavia: A Settlement-Historical Pre-Study of the Central Place. TOR 28 (1996): 235–82. Print.Cormack, W. F. Drengs and Drings. Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. Eds. Williams, James and W. F. Cormack, 2000. 61–68. Print.Lund, Niels. Scandinavia, c. 700–1066. The New Cambridge Medieval History c.700–c.900. Ed. McKitterick, Rosamond. Vol. 2. The New Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 202–27. Print.Radzin, Hilda. Names in the Mythological Lay Rigspula. Literary Onomastics Studies 9.14 (1982). Print.Thurston, Tina L. Social Classes in the Viking Age: Contentious Relations. C. Ed. Thurston, Tina L. Fundamental Issues in Archaeology. London: Springer, 2001. 113–30. Print.

Critically consider to what extent this offers a mutual gains approach Essay

Critically consider to what extent this offers a mutual gains approach to people management - Essay Example The flexibility of approach and perspectives to change become high point that hugely helps to meet the challenges of time. The innovative measures and incentive driven tools that are linked to the performance are increasingly being used as vital elements of business strategy. Scholars assert that performance management is strategic tool or process that motivates workforce for optimal performance (Bloisi, 2007; Armstrong and Baron, 2005). Apart from incentives, commitment to work and loyalty towards employers is considerably increased when the employees are provided scope of enhancing their professional skills and competencies through in-house training and development. Financial and emotional security, job satisfaction etc are factors that promote trust building and induce high performance and retention of employees. Hence, HPWP not only benefits employees but also the employers as they are able to retain high performing human capital that significantly influences the revenues. Most importantly, they are able to maintain their competitive advantage through hard times as HPWP provides organization with fl exible approach and innovative performance related measures to meet contemporary challenges for optimal performance. (words:

Bacterial Transformation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bacterial Transformation - Term Paper Example To this end, transformation entails the process in which DNA fragments are taken up by bacteria. Evidently, many contemporary scientists have discovered a variety of genetic modifications that invent bacterial strains which are more susceptible to transformation. Furthermore, they assist in maintaining the plasmid devoid of rearrangement and realignment of of the plasmid DNA. In addition, discoveries in contemporary treatments catalyze the efficiency of bacterial transformation. Consequently, they become highly susceptible to either electrical or chemical based transformation. This hence results to ‘competent cells.’ The major application for bacterial transformation includes gene therapy whereby defective cells are replaced with functional copies. Furthermore, it can be applied in the coding of genes for traits such as pest resistance or disease that may be transformed into plants. Furthermore, transformation of bacteria can occur with a gene for human hormone like insulin in order to stimulate production in mass quantities. Evidently, upon the occurrence of transformation, a plasmid is often transferred. To this end, a plasmid refers to a minute, circular DNA that occurs naturally in most bacteria. Furthermore, the plasmid occurs independently from the chromosomal DNA of the bacterium. In addition, it contains genes which are not normally evident in the bacterium. It is important to note that the extra genes at times supply a growth advantage for the bacteria. This can be through giving enzymes such as amylase and extra gene which breaks down beta lactamase or starches and eventually leads to a breakdown of antibiotic ampicillin. To this end, the growth of bacteria is evident even in places outside their natural setting. In the field of medicine, the ability naturally competent bacteria in acquiring plasmids that possess resistant antibiotic genes is deemed as critical. This has immensely influenced the development of new

Evaluation Proposal Prospectus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Evaluation Proposal Prospectus - Essay Example The present study will be conducted on the basis of participant observation, where the researcher has planned to interview eight elderly patients and healthcare staff members each to explore the nature of diseases as well as the method of care provided to the aged. The researcher looks for completing his research within 3 to 4 weeks. The participant observation will also be supported with the questions established in the interview schedule, so that psychological problems could also be revealed. The research will be supported with the studied carried out in past on the same or relevant topics and the researcher will add the relevant literature in the study. After the completion of the paper, the findings will be analyzed by applying statistical tests. The senior citizens are an important part of every social set up, which have rendered noteworthy services for the political, social, cultural and economic growth of their country. Since they are not capable of playing their role in the same effective manner as they had performed it at their young age, they are being neglected and ignored by an overwhelming majority of society. â€Å"Abuse and neglect of elderly persons†, Mildenberger & Wessman submit, â€Å"particularly by adult family members, is a serious social and health phenomenon that cannot be ignored. Physical therapists who deal with elderly persons must prepare themselves to recognize signs of abuse and neglect and to become familiar with existing intervention agencies and outlets for prevention. (1986: 2) Political authorities have established healthcare centers and institutions for the adequate look after of the aged people. In addition, private sector is also working efficiently in this field on non profit basis to provide them with care and supervision under a comfortable environment. Hence, the health improvement of the aged community is vital both for public and private health sectors.

Causes and Prevention of Obesity in College Students Essay

Causes and Prevention of Obesity in College Students - Essay Example This essay "Causes and Prevention of Obesity in College Students" outlines the reasons for the obesity among students, its danger, and the methods how to stop the growing number of obese college students. Many countries are seeking solutions and creating awareness on the fact that obesity is becoming an issue of national concern. There have been numerous studies focusing on obesity in children and teenagers as well as adults. In many of the studies, college students have been included in the adult group (Archer, 2013). Therefore, there are different factors that trigger the development of obesity among college students. These reasons are unique and are different from those increasing the susceptibility of other groups to obesity this necessitates a study, which focuses on the causes of obesity among college students and the potential solutions that can help them address the issue. This study seeks to understand the unique factors that contribute to increasing obesity rates among coll ege students. College students have a unique lifestyle, tastes, and prevalence, which may make them more vulnerable to developing obesity. Moreover, it is possible that factors that contribute to the increasing rates of obesity among college students are different from those associated with obesity in teenagers and children. Notably, college students are adults who can make their own decisions with minimal influence of others especially their parents. Moreover, most of the college students stay away from home and have to make decisions about their diets and lifestyle.

Issue paper with support on maintaining cultural diversity, consider Essay

Issue paper with support on maintaining cultural diversity, consider those against and write their views put me in support position with positive part of it - Essay Example One is in full support for maintaining cultural diversity for the following reasons: (1) it encourages the exchange of more variety of ideas, opinions, and points of views that increases opportunities for greater knowledge; (2) members of culturally diverse communities or organizations acknowledge that no one particular cultural value is better than others; (3) increased interaction among members would contribute to â€Å"more frequent and effective working relationships among those who have mutual interests† (Smith et. al. 1); (4) new ideas are produced, communications are improved and bridges are built to the people needing services (Smith et.al. 1); and (5) provides greater chances for emergence of innovative ideas and therefore facilitates generation of more alternatives to solve problems. Those who oppose maintaining cultural diversity contend that: (1) there would be potential tendencies to lose awareness and adherence to traditional cultural values; (2) there could be more conflicts due to disparities in beliefs, practices, and traditions; (3) there are more misunderstandings which delay effective communication process and decision-making; and (4) in organizations and work groups, maintaining cultural diversity would necessitate managing it which would be more costly and time consuming (Gadget 1). The benefits of maintaining cultural diversity far outweigh any costs or disadvantages associated with it. Therefore, one strongly believes that cultural diversity should be maintained and managed for the greater benefit of a greater number of people. Diversity and Cultural Competence Reporting Requirements, Minimum Standards and Benchmarks for Victoria Health Services Project. 2009. Web. 01 February 2012

Methods Which Writers Use to Develop Their Style Essay Example for Free

Methods Which Writers Use to Develop Their Style Essay Explore the methods which writers use to develop the ways in which their characters see and understand their own worlds in Pride and Prejudice and The Yellow Wallpaper Austen first published ‘Pride and Prejudice’ in 1813 the novella touches on several themes such as prejudice, first impressions and pride; themes that individually define the main characters. Charlotte Perkin Gilman an American writer first published ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ in 1892, the novella touches upon attitudes in the nineteenth century towards women’s physical and mental health. Writers tend to contrast characters hoping to intrigue the readers in the variation of characterisation. Throughout this essay I will illustrates the ways in which characters see and understand their own worlds through ‘Pride and Prejudice’ by Jane Austen and ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ by Charlotte Perkin Gilman. Darcy is the character most often associated with pride and Elizabeth Bennett with prejudice. Ironically the novel was originally called ‘First Impressions’ an aspect Darcy seems to lack originally. Understanding the world can be perceived in many different aspects; literally or figuratively. The protagonists; Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy capture our attention from the beginning of the novel. Austen is able to contradict the patriarchal society that existed in the nineteenth century, as she builds Elizabeth to be rational, strong and independent. Women were mainly seen in this time to entertain yet Elizabeth did not carry these traits. Her perspective of the world was different to how her mother saw her future, she rejects two men of which rank highly on the social ladder proposal towards her. Ironically she ends the novel marrying the wealthiest of them all. Whereas, Darcy originally is not fond of Elizabeth ‘She is tolerable, I suppose, but not handsome enough to tempt me’ his second glance at her changes his judgement he describes her eyes to be. Darcy emits a character full of pride and arrogance qualities that seemed typical from a man of his status. The Yellow Wallpaper; the narrator sets an omniscient tone on the novella, it is written in first person narrative, for example ‘I’ this allows the readers to feel somewhat emotional attraction, towards the onset of the novella. The novella is a paradox; the narrator loses touch with the outer world, as she comes to a greater understanding of the inner reality of her life. It dwells upon a controversial issue; postnatal depression an illness that has become more common in our patriarchal society. ‘Pride and  Prejudice’; Jane Austen effectively portrays the way characters can understand and see things, in a literal as well as metaphorical aspect. Ironically the protagonist; Elizabeth Bennet believes to have the greatest understanding of people yet she falls short when she fails to understand Wickam. Initially losing some of her pride ‘I who have prided myself on my discernment†¦ how humiliating is this discovery’ she realises that she is a bad judge of character. Though Elizabeth constantly reminds us of her understanding of characters she clearly in occasions see’s things differently. In addition, the narrator in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ suffers from postnatal depression, however still manages to cope, because her source of relief is self-expressed through her creative and imaginative outlook on her depression. Her husband; John believes her depression to be a ‘temporary nervous depression – a slight hysterical tendency’. This quotation clearly suggests John relies more on his medical education than his wife’s feelings and opinions, he neglects her consultation on her illness, he just accepts the fact that he is not going to listen to her. Evidence of this is shown â€Å"You see he does not believe I am sick! And what can one do?†. This quotation further suggests there lack of communication in the relationship, John has trapped her in this room ‘for her health’ she describes he r room, to be ‘horrid’ however because he is a high standing doctor which is initiated in the beginning of the novella, she believes him. He trusts that the â€Å"illness† of hers is simply a nervous condition, which would easily be cured with lots of rest and very little intellectual time hence. Mr Fitzwilliam Darcy a main character in the novella arrives at Longbourn, originally the Bennets are fond of him ‘Darcy was clever. He was at the same time haughty, reserved and fastidious, and his manners, though well bred, were not inviting.. he was continually giving offence’ there thoughts of him had quickly changed. Austen builds him to be a character we become greatly fond of as we witness his beliefs towards Elizabeth’s family he is straight forward in that matter rude yet honest. However we grow knowledge of his action in the break-up of Jane and Mr Bingley, he was wrong about Jane’s feelings and in this he lacks the ability to understand what happens behind a situation. Lady Catherine, who possesses wealth and social standing, is condescending, although her manner is seen by some as entirely proper and even admirable. She is a fixed character of exaggerated  propensities, in her case representing the extremes of snobbish and pride and prejudice. Prejudice seems to be a theme that exists within all the characters, the hunger to wed into a wealthy family this touches on pride another theme that commonly exists. Austen conveys Lady Catherine to be the wicked witch, she is strong willed and values status her beliefs are traditional. The scene where Elizabeth is invited to her home she undermines her and disapproves of her family with her snide comments. Darcy ‘looked a little ashamed of his ill-breeding’ he is offended by her lack of manners, especially towards Elizabeth, and later, courts her disapproval by marrying Elizabeth in spite of her objections. Lady Catherine indicates her understanding of her own world to be fairly clear, she believes highly in the social hierarchy and isn’t the least fond of mixing beneath her class. Overall, the two major themes of Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice are summed up in the title. The first aspect can be traced in the actions and statements of the work’s entire major and many of its minor characters. Austen and Charlotte share the comparison of misunderstood characters, the narrator in ‘The Yellow Wallpaper’ and Darcy in ‘Pride and Prejudice’. Though 80% of Austens novel is dialogue this only seems to intrigues the readers more, suggesting that the characters appear to need to express themselves through writing, a reason may be because they feel they will able to justify themselves; Darcy and Elizabeth’s typical romance may have not blossomed if not for this. To conclude the themes that existed within both novellas were boldly effective.

The Orthodontic Tooth Movement Health And Social Care Essay

The Orthodontic Tooth Movement Health And Social Care Essay Orthodontics tooth movement is achieved by delivering a constant controlled force to the teeth. The duration of the force applied is the key factor for successful tooth movement rather than the force magnitude. The aim of the orthodontics treatment is to achieve good occlusion with minimal side effects. Several factors should be considered during the orthodontic treatment such as force type, force magnitude and the duration of treatment to avoid the undesirable effect. Proffit have defined the orthodontic tooth movement as a biological response due to the changes in the physiological equilibrium of the dentofacial complex when an external force is applied. Theories of orthodontic tooth movement Teeth are positioned in harmony with the oral environment to maintain their position. The applied forces will cause histological changes during teeth movement. These forces will cause bone resorption on the pressure side and deposition on the tension side, most importantly that the capillaries remain patent on the compressed side to allow cell proliferation and avoid the formation of hyalinized zone On the other hand bone formation will occur at the tension side due to the increased periodontal ligament width and the proliferating fibroblast and osteoprogenitor cells. Osteoblast will be formed from the proliferated osteoprogenitor and will deposite osteoid and result in bone formation.( systematic review) Several theories have been proposed to explain orthodontics tooth movement. The main theories are : Biomechanical theory The biomechanical theory is mainly based on experiments and cellular response observation explaining the biological events during orthodontic tooth movement. The earliest evidence supporting the role of Prostaglandin in orthodontic tooth movement was provided by Hang (Hang et al 1976). He noticed that mechanical distortion of the cell membrane in a culture dish will increase the synthesis of Prostaglandin. Later Harrel supported these finding in his in vitro. Harrel showed that mechanical distortion will generate Prostaglandin and cyclin adenosine monophosphate (c AMP).HARREL 1977 Other researchers ( rodan et al 1975, davidaritch and shanfield 1975) have found that mechanical distortion will cause changes in the intracellular nucleotides changes. The biomechanical theory was based on these finding and proposed that mechanical strain of the cell membrane will activate the cell signaling cascade. Initially phospholipase A2 will be activated which will initiate the metabolism of arachidonic acid. The leukotrienes and the Prostaglandins will be synthesized in response to the metabolism of Arachidonic acid. The synthesis of Prostaglandin will increase three time after five minutes. The Prostaglandin then activates the G proteins receptors on the cell membrane which will initiate a second messenger signaling cascade causing a cellular response leading to bone remodeling. Yamasaki provided further evidence to support this theory by designing a three phase split mouth study to investigate the effect of administrating Prostaglandin on orthodontic tooth movement. One side was injected with Prostaglandin and the contra lateral served as the control. Phase one involved the movement of the upper first premolar buccaly. The rate of tooth movement was doubled on the injected side when compared to the control side. Phase two involved retraction of the canine into the upper first premolar space using sectional contraction loops. The findings were similar to phase one. The third phase involved the retraction of the canine with the routine mechanics. The rate of movement was 1.6 faster on the injected side than the control side. No adverse effects were recorded in the gingiva or the alveolar bone. Yamasaki et al 1984 piezoelectric theory This theory proposes that the pressure applied to the tooth will be transferred to the adjacent alveolar bone which will respond by bending and causing small electrical current produced by electrons being transferred from deformed crystal structure to another. The electrical current will activate the osteoclast and osteoblast and result in bone remodeling required for tooth movement (mcdonald 1993) This theory was supported by Baumrinds split mouth study on rats. Baumrind showed that the tooth crown will displace ten times more than the reduction of the periodontal ligaments on the pressure side. The difference in the amount of displacement between the crown and periodontal ligament has lead to the assumption that the alveolar bone deflects more readily than the periodontal ligament. Considering the amount of crown deflection and the periodontal ligament changes, it can be concluded that lower forces can be used to produce bone deflection which will create changes in the periodontal ligaments.(baumrind 1969) Several studies on animals and human investigating an endogenous electric signals, bioelectric potential, showed that the application of low voltage direct current will modify the bioelectric potential and cellular activity causing faster tooth movement when compared to a control group.(giovanelli s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.ref 9 p324) Davidovich showed that by applying electrical current ( 15  µ amps) combined with force of 80 g will enhance bone resoprtion near the anode and bone deposition near the cathode when compared to the control.( Davidovich et al 1980) Heller and Nanda demonstrated that periodontal ligaments are less likely to undergo tensile strain or transfer the force directly to the alveolar bone.( Heller and Nanda 1979) Piezoelectric signals characterize by a fast decay rate even if the force is maintained as the crystals will remain stable. If the force was removed the crystal will return to the original shape and an equivalent signal and opposite in direction will be created. The role of stress generated signals during normal mastication is well documented in the literature in maintaining the alveolar bone. On the other hand, the constant orthodontic forces will create a brief signal which will not create a prominent stress generated signals. These signals have little if anything to do with tooth movment.Profit text book Pressure tension hypothesis Classic hypothesis proposed by Oppenheim, Sandstedt and Schwarz based on histological research. This theory proposes that tooth movement will occur in the periodontal ligaments and the collagen fibers will create a pressure and tension sides transferring the applied forces to the adjacent alveolar bone. The forces should be less than the capillary blood pressure to maintain the blood flow and avoid bone necrosis. On the pressure side, the periodontal ligament will display disorganization and the cell replication will decrease in response to the vascular constriction. On the tension side the periodontal ligament will be stretched and increase the cell replication. Baurmrind 1969 report showed statistically significant increase in cell replication during tooth movement and there was a reduction in collagen formation rate on the tension and pressure side. Heller and Nanda (1979) interfered with the collagen function and metabolism by administrating lathyritic agent beta aminoproprionitrile and showed that normal tooth movement will occur in periodontal ligaments with disrupted collagen fibers. Their findings demonstrated that periodontal ligaments are less likely to undergo tensile strain or transfer the force directly to the alveolar bone. Bone bending Orthodontic tooth movement phases Once the orthodontic force is applies to the tooth the bone remodeling process will begin. During the first six to eight days there will be an initial period of rapid movement due to the periodontal ligaments compression and tooth displacement within the periodontal ligament. The blood supply will be reduced or cut off producing hyalinized zone; a vascular cell free zone. In the second phase; the lag phase; tooth movement will be minimal or will stop completely due to the hyalinized zone. On the histological level Retain ( 1957, 1960) have reported that the a vascular cell free zone will be formed even with minimal force and the a vascular cell free zone will occur more with short roots. The lag in tooth movement varies between four to twenty days according to the applied force; with light forces the lag phase will be relatively short and it will increase with heavier forces. The periodontal ligaments will reorganize to remove the hyalinized zone by phagocytosis; foreign body gaint cells, macrophages, fibroblast and pre-osteoclasts will be recruited from the neighboring undamaged alveolar bone marrow cavities and the periodontal ligaments. Once the avascular cell free zone is removed tooth movement will commence again; the last phase. Tooth movement usually begins forty days after the initial force application. Recent study by Von Bohl demonstrated that the hyalinized zone will be formed during the last phase and it is more frequent with high forces and have no effect on orthodontic tooth movement at this stage as the bone remodeling process will continue at a certain rate independently from the force magnitude. Von Bohl concluded that the formation of a vascular cell free zone is apart of the orthodontic tooth movement process. His report supported the pervious finding of Owman moll et al 1996 and Vas leeuwen 1999 Orthodontic force magnitude Orthodontic forces can delivered through the use of fixed appliances, removable appliances , TAD, extra orally such as head gear à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc.to achieve the desired tooth movement different force magnitude will be required. The recommended forces are: bodily movement tipping intrusion extrusion

Black Boy by Richard Wright and A Brief Introduction To The History Of The Deep South :: Black Boy A Brief Introduction To The History Of

Compare the two texts an extract from Black Boy by Richard Wright and A Brief Introduction To The History Of The Deep South for: 1) Tone 2) Use of Language (Style) 3) Register (Degree of Formality or Informality) Black Boy by Richard Wright is a personal recountive piece while A Brief Introduction To The History Of The Deep South a piece of expository writing. In Black Boy, the narrator recalls and describes 2 incidents that occurred on the same day which impacted his life and let him better understand the Whites’ thoughts and how to react to them. The purpose of the author is to let the reader understand situations that went on at that time from the first-person point of view such that the reader can comprehend the severity of the problem, and gives a few insights. On the other hand, A Brief Introduction To The History Of The Deep South illustrates briefly how Black slavery began and progressed in the South. The purpose of the author is probably to inform the reader on how racism progressed on a whole as a whole area, the south, rather than to show real life situations that went on within the community. In Black Boy, the tone is rather dissatisfied and has hints of complaints, such as in â€Å"My face must have reflected my silent anger, for the boss slapped me reassuringly on the back.† In this passage some disgust of the narrator is also shown through even the eclipses right after ‘ â€Å"Here have a cigarette,† he said.’ However, in A Brief Introduction To The History Of The Deep South, the tone is a-matter-of-factly as the narrator is merely presenting a set of historical facts, with little bias or emotion, such as in â€Å"The Southerners got very rich from these plantation farms making lots of money.† In a way it becomes a more reciting tone as the history of the Deep South is reported. In Black Boy, words, especially adjectives and adverbs are used to colour the writing, such as in â€Å"every fleeting expression† and â€Å"hot, dusty road†. However, in A Brief Introduction To The History Of The Deep South, adjectives and adverbs are used for precision of information, as shown in â€Å"ruined plantation† and â€Å"brutal system†. Another case would be â€Å"The Yankie Northerners beat the Southerners and burnt and destroyed many of their beautiful big plantation houses†, where â€Å"beautiful† is used not so much to colour the writing but to show the massive contrast of before and after. Black Boy is rather informal, as the narrator tells you the events of a day in his life.